So when any stone contains brushite we classify the patient as a brushite stone former even though brushite is a minority of stone mineral. Any Brushite Presentīrushite is very uncommon in human kidney stones, and associates with large tubule plugs and more severe tissue damage. The reason is that these stone types have special causes and treatments. A patient who forms mixed stones – for example, 60% calcium phosphate/20% struvite 20% CaOx is called a struvite stone former. If uric acid, struvite, or cystine are present we name the patient for that constituent. Uric Acid, Struvite, Cystine Also Present The average must be computed using 0 – for example, given CaOx/CaP percentages of 100/0, 0/100, 40/60, the correct classification is 140/3 vs 160/3 or 46% CaOx vs 53%, and so a CaP stone former. If the average calcium phosphate content is above 50% the patient is considered a calcium phosphate stone former. If the average stone mineral composition of all available stones for a given patient is above 50% calcium oxalate, the patient is considered a calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone former. How Stone Analysis Distinguishes CaP from CaOx Stone Formers Only CaOx and HA Present So although treatment uses the same tactics as for the more common calcium oxalate patient, it must follow a different strategy. Diet will not reliably lower the pH, and we have no specific drugs to do it, either. Diet is not the cause of higher urine pH. Kidney and GI tract physiology raise urine pH, especially in women. Stone phosphate replaces oxalate when urine is too alkaline. Potassium citrate, a common stone prevention, may not be appropriate as a treatment because it raises urine pH. Kidney tissue damage is worse with Br than HA stones. Tissue damage is common, as is Nephrocalcinosisfrom plugging – often misdiagnosed as medullary sponge kidney. Calcium phosphate crystals invade kidney tissue – so called tubule plugs. Phosphate stones, HA or Br, can grow faster and larger than calcium oxalate ones. Basic Facts about Phosphate Stone Formers Phosphate Stones Damage Kidneys That is why I have written this article for them. These latter have more kidney damage than HA CaP stone formers, and are a special high risk group of patients.īoth kinds of CaP stone formers need special attention. Some have brushite (Br, calcium monohydrogen phosphate) in their stones. Most have hydroxyapatite (HA, like bone mineral) as their stone calcium phosphate. Idiopathic calcium phosphate stone formers are dual. A minority, more women than men, form calcium phosphate (CaP) stones. They have no systemic cause of calcium stones. Idiopathic calcium stone formers are dual. A majority are “idiopathic”, systemic causes have been excluded. Each systemic disease has its own universe of causes and treatment decisions. A minority arise from systemic diseases we must screen for. Also try to study and learn the group wise valencies of each element.Calcium stone formers are dual. Remember that the phosphate compounds of alkali metals are generally soluble in water and since cesium is an alkali metal, so cesium phosphate is highly soluble in water. It is a grey-golden alkali metal with a melting point of about 28.5$$ So let us study about them and gather their chemical formulas to get our answer as follows:-Ĭesium: It is an element with the symbol Cs and belongs to group-1 of s-block with atomic number 55. As we are given cesium phosphate in the question, so it can be broken down into cesium ion and phosphate ion to get our answer easily.Īs we know that cesium phosphate can be broken into cesium ion and phosphate ion. Then, write them altogether to get the formula of the given compound. Hint: Attempt this question by breaking the given compounds into parts and write down the elemental notation for each of them.
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